Understanding Adam Requires Better Rotation Dependent Assumptions

Despite its widespread adoption, Adam’s advantage over Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) lacks a comprehensive theoretical explanation. This paper investigates Adam’s sensitivity to rotations of the parameter space. We demonstrate that Adam’s performance in training transformers degrades under random rotations of the parameter space, indicating a crucial sensitivity to the choice of basis. This reveals that conventional rotation-invariant assumptions are insufficient to capture Adam’s advantages theoretically. To better understand the rotation-dependent properties that benefit Adam, we also identify structured rotations that preserve or even enhance its empirical performance. We then examine the rotation-dependent assumptions in the literature, evaluating their adequacy in explaining Adam’s behavior across various rotation types. This work highlights the need for new, rotation-dependent theoretical frameworks to fully understand Adam’s empirical success in modern machine learning tasks.